The above illustration is not great art, but it’s
unlikely that it was intended to be. Its meaning and value lie not in the stereotyped
figures, but in the event that it depicts: the newly-awakened Buddha’s teaching
of the Middle Way and the Four Noble Truths to the five ascetics in the Deer
Park near Varanasi. The aim of the picture is to bring that occasion to the
mind in a graphic rather then verbal way. Placed on a wall, it forms an
integral part of a shrine room – with Buddha-images on altars which encourage devotion to, and
recollection of, the Triple Gem. Although it lacks originality, for that
purpose it is adequate.
Of course this picture isn’t an accurate rendition of
that cardinal event in the Deer Park. The Buddha, who had spent months living
in the wilderness and then walking from Bodh-Gaya, would not have arrived in
neatly pleated robes. The ascetics would not have been identical in appearance
or look well-fed and well-groomed; their seating arrangement is artificial, etc. However an accurate representation is not the point; in fact there would
be no point in such a representation, as the purpose of the illustration is to
support devotion, not for a historical record. Actually the illustration might
have worked better if the artist had followed the classic tradition of murals
with their prescribed conventional forms and lack of perspective. Then we would realize we’re in another reality. As it is, the imagery is awkward because it wavers
between being symbolic and following the ‘realist’ conventions established in
the Italian Renaissance.
The Renaissance was a humanist movement; that is, it promoted a 'this-world' rather then ‘religious’ focus on reality. In
terms of the arts, it presented human beings as they looked and in settings
that were of the world visible to the contemporary eye. Perhaps the single most
important shift in terms of painting was the establishment, by Filippo
Brunelleschi around 1420 CE, of the laws of perspective. The effect of all this
was to bring the sacred down to earth. Nearly two centuries later, Galileo (who had previously taught perspective in his career as an art teacher) abolished the earth-centred cosmos (and unwittingly undermined heaven at the same time).
The skill of precise measurement through devices and machines established
modern science, which moved away from religion and became the supreme arbiter of reality. ‘Objective’ reality was born. You
could observe it through a telescope. 'Objective reality' means that a number of
people can stand apart from or outside the object, measure the object, and
arrive at the same consistent results: the object is ten metres high or weighs
five kilograms. Through such findings we can comprehend the observed world
and, through experimentation and ingenious inventions, make use of it. It’s a
human-centric universe and an egalitarian one: no higher or transcendent way of
apprehending reality is acknowledged. So although God was allowed to survive
for a few subsequent centuries, He had to become an architect or an engineer to
do so. Rationality, with its methods of defining experience by means of artificial measuring devices, became the supreme arbiter of reality.
Well, Einstein made some adjustments to that scheme:
Relativity Theory presented a material universe in which space and time were no
longer neutral constants, but formed ‘spacetime’ – a curved medium that warped in
accordance with gravitational forces. Experiments showed that matter affects how spacetime bends – time slows down in the presence of gravity – and the curvature of spacetime affects how matter moves. So the old forms of measurement became relative, dependent on velocity and gravitation.
The straight line was abolished, and the laws of perspective became only
relatively true. Quantum theory went a step further: it made our apparent reality even more relative through the proposition that the act of measurement intrudes on and affects that which
is measured – meaning that there is no such thing as objective reality. You
can’t stand outside reality and measure it – which, when it’s expressed
like that, makes perfect and obvious sense. However, despite this so-far
unassailable truth, the momentum that the measuring sciences created still
pertains, and we speak of objective reality, and of ‘being objective’. We
recoil from the idea that what we perceive is, and can only be, a subjective interpretation.
We base our lives, politics and national narratives on (disputed) 'facts', and
regard the intellect as the supreme human function. Of course, its findings and
methods work quite ‘well’ – in terms of the material and measurable domain
that it takes to be reality; and its offspring, technology, rules our lives.
Technology makes the created material world compliant
to our wishes, and exploitable for our economic gain. And most of us now live in
a world that is measured, probed, and used according to the priorities that
secular humanism has established. The earth is not sacred, the cosmos is not a
domain of wonder and reverence; they are ours to explore at will and turn to
our apparent advantage whenever we can. We live in cities insulated from natural
processes where our lives and social infrastructures are run by complex
equipment. We delight in vehicles that can move our bodies around, and devices
that can bring any aspect of the ‘real’ world to our screens. And if that’s not
enough, then technology will provide us with fantasies to feed our senses on.
This amazing power should bring us happiness, meaning, and a world of peace and
plenty. It doesn’t.
It doesn’t because it doesn’t nourish something vital:
the measureless, immaterial reality that isn’t apprehended through the five
external senses or the thinking mind. This includes moral balance; awareness
that transcends the changing display of thoughts, emotions and sensations; and
the domain of happiness, peace and liberation. A dogmatic scientist either
denies that there is such a reality, or configures it as a phenomenon generated
by the brain, or by neuro-chemicals. However, although the mind-set that adheres to a
single-faceted material reality can order, flatten and bomb the material world
– and in its benign aspects mend our bodies and anaesthetise our pain – it
cannot create moral balance, peace of mind or liberation. So after a few
centuries of scientific and technological progress, we are at risk of so
severely misusing the earth as to make large parts of it unliveable by the end
of the century. And even now, the best and bravest solutions to the
environmental crisis still rely on rational, technological solutions. The view
is that we can tweak our lifestyle, change from coal to solar, create a few
National Parks and continue on the same trajectory of an economic growth that
hinges on our ability to dominate and exploit. Meanwhile, the human of the
developed world is highly likely to be suffering from stress and depression.
Meanwhile, on another front, there is the measureless domain
of the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Ariya-Sangha. A practising Buddhist is
encouraged to develop the measureless mind/heart through cultivating the qualities of goodwill, compassion, rejoicing in the good, and
equanimity. Or to cultivate samādhi to the level of the perception of
boundariless space and boundariless consciousness. These point to a very different
reality: while measurement refers to quantities, to how things appear in terms
of notionally objective measuring tools, the measureless qualifies our
subjective experience. To give an analogy: the statement ‘Two plus two equals
four’ may be mathematically accurate, but it's meaningless in terms of
subjective experience: eating two apples and then watching two kangaroos
doesn’t make a meaningful foursome. The quantifiable is the appearance of
exteriors – weight, shape, number, speed – and the qualifiable is the
manifestation of interiors – such as happiness, respect, trust,
ease and harmony. Now these can meet in harmony if they acknowledge each other and are led by wisdom, and this is Dhamma practice: to bring interior meaning and values to
the world of separate measurable entities through right view, right effort and
right mindfulness. Accordingly, Dhamma practice is summed up by an important
qualifier: ‘kalyāna.’ It is, and has to be, ‘kalyāna in the beginning, kalyāna
in the middle, kalyāna in the end.’ Kalyāna is often translated
as ‘good’ or ‘beautiful’, but with a little reflection, it can also comfortably
fit the third word of the Platonic Ideal, ‘the true.’
Firstly kalyāna , is the ‘good’
– it’s about virtue, the quality that aligns the mind to mutual care and
respect, and that encourages the ‘we’ sense. It is the ‘beautiful’, in that it
aligns awareness to the awe and sensitivity that hushes thought, the ‘thou’
sense that we might experience in Nature, or in deep meditation. And kalyāna is the ‘true’, through an awareness that sees
things as they really occur in our consciousness, beyond reference to
artificial means of measurement.
For example the presentation afforded by perspective
painting isn’t a true presentation of how we see. If you hold your gaze steady,
you see a field of vision that is flat and gets fuzzy at the edges. There is no
distance, nor are there discrete objects; there's just a visual field of shapes and colours.
You will experience a wavering pull towards the centre of that field or towards
one relatively small region, which you experience as an object (a person,
animal, tree, etc) that stands out from the background. Except that it doesn’t
‘stand out’ – your attention draws it out. Attention (manasikāra) narrows its focus, the
rest of the visual field goes fuzzy, and the act of mental contact (phassa) refers to its known images to determine that a particular array of colours represents a person,
animal or tree etc. It does so by rapidly tracing the boundary between one
colour or tone and another and defining ‘shape’. Shape (rūpa) is instantly referred to the memory of similar shapes and colours – ‘this is like
a cow, or a dog or a car.’ So attention and contact add another dimension to
the flat visual field: that thin dark shape is a shadow that is being formed by
a crease in a three-dimensional object; that flat shape that reminds me of a
man has a back (even though I can’t see it right now) and depth. It's your
mind as much as your eyes that makes the objects and the relative distance at
which they appear. And as in the many examples of ‘trick’ drawings or ‘Magic
Eye’ illustrations, the role of focus/attention and of mental interpretation
can distort apparent reality, or swing between two conflicting representations.
Take another example: much of Picasso’s art defies the conventions whereby a
flat painting is held to represent dimensions. In his Cubist work, the features of a human face may
be so arranged that the mind can’t create the familiar three-dimensional object. In this way, the painting plays with and challenges conventional representation, and a
renewed ‘interior’ experience is the result. But is it real? Picasso was once
presented with a photograph by a man insisting that this was how his wife really
looked, not as in a Cubist image. The artist took the photo, and, turning it
over in his hand, commented: ‘She’s rather small, isn’t she? And flat?’
But as Picasso also said, ‘Art is a lie that tells the
truth.’ Or a truth: the truth of
representation is that it presents a source of interpretation; and through interpretation,
mental or emotional states get generated. Hence campaigning politicians are
extremely careful that their physical appearance, their facial gestures and
tones of speech carry a popular ‘message’. Suitable representation, as much as,
or more than, policies, wins or loses elections. So much for objective
appraisal. But, to return to the experience of holding a steady gaze: can you notice
that if your gaze is really steady, that it’s hard to see any consistent object?
What is experienced instead is a procession of subtly flexing forms that never
acquire stasis and therefore defy interpretation. The flat and static reality
of the ‘realist’ perspective may be an interpretation that we now conform
to, but the truth of conscious experience is that of a radical impermanence
in which form appears dependent on the play of attention and contact. And the perception of impermanence is a basis of Dhamma: because
we consequently realize that there is no beautiful thing to desire and no final truth to conceive of. Instead a relationship of calm and dispassion is to be encouraged. Jealousy,
grasping, hoarding and attachment to views stop. Truth therefore supports the good.
As for that – science is extremely intelligent and
useful, but in itself it is not ‘good’. Einstein, on recognizing that
his work as a scientist had been the foundation for the development of the atom
bomb, commented that, if he’d known in advance how his discoveries
would be used, he would have made watches instead. The good is the recognition
that all creatures are subjects, they all experience life (and the sentient
ones have feeling too). Nothing is an object of my wishes, opinions or
perspectives. A tree is a living organism that is processing light, water and
air to support atmosphere, soil and wildlife. It is not potential furniture or
pulp, or a useless occupant of land that could be pasture. What gives me the
right to claim that? – the ignorance whereby the earth has lost fifty percent
of its forest, so that climate change and the loss of wildlife and even topsoil
(according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation we have only have sixty years of degrading the soil left before it
becomes infertile dirt*) are impending realities. On the other hand, the good is
the respectful acknowledgement that other creatures have the right to exist in
and of themselves, whether I value them or not. Encompassing morality and
goodwill, the good is the basis of life, not a legal matter.
Because the good supports the beautiful. That is, when
we align our attention to the subjectivity of things, of reality not being a
matter of my measuring instruments, views and inclinations, the beautiful is
what remains. It is an experience of awe: that reality happens, beyond
measurement and my measuring mind. Then, rather than try to reduce existence to a set of
equations, our minds stop and open. And we
can bow and be gladdened. This ‘stepping back’ (viveka) and gladness (pītī) quietens the mind as it opens into samādhi, the doorway to an
increasingly refined set of realities.
Even more important than that is how consciousness, as it
aligns to the good, true and the beautiful integrates us: we become generous,
willing to share, and worthy of trust; we are free from the consumerism, that,
more than war or disease, is wrecking the planet; and we can know deep inner
peace. And if consciousness can recognize that all its representations are
of less value than its own awareness, it can cease creating them: the consummation of the
true, the good and the beautiful, is the Unconditioned. Finally there’s no
truth more fulfilling than the mind’s release; and no one can picture that.
